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// © 2016 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
// License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html
/*
**********************************************************************
* Copyright (C) 1999-2014, International Business Machines
* Corporation and others. All Rights Reserved.
**********************************************************************
*   Date        Name        Description
*   11/17/99    aliu        Creation.
**********************************************************************
*/
#ifndef TRANSLIT_H
#define TRANSLIT_H

#include "unicode/utypes.h"

#if U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API

/**
 * \file
 * \brief C++ API: Transforms text from one format to another.
 */

#if !UCONFIG_NO_TRANSLITERATION

#include "unicode/uobject.h"
#include "unicode/unistr.h"
#include "unicode/parseerr.h"
#include "unicode/utrans.h" // UTransPosition, UTransDirection
#include "unicode/strenum.h"

U_NAMESPACE_BEGIN

class UnicodeFilter;
class UnicodeSet;
class TransliteratorParser;
class NormalizationTransliterator;
class TransliteratorIDParser;

/**
 *
 * <code>Transliterator</code> is an abstract class that
 * transliterates text from one format to another. The most common
 * kind of transliterator is a script, or alphabet, transliterator.
 * For example, a Russian to Latin transliterator changes Russian text
 * written in Cyrillic characters to phonetically equivalent Latin
 * characters. It does not translate Russian to English!
 * Transliteration, unlike translation, operates on characters, without
 * reference to the meanings of words and sentences.
 *
 * Although script conversion is its most common use, a
 * transliterator can actually perform a more general class of tasks.
 * In fact, <code>Transliterator</code> defines a very general API
 * which specifies only that a segment of the input text is replaced
 * by new text. The particulars of this conversion are determined
 * entirely by subclasses of <code>Transliterator</code>.
 *
 * Transliterators are stateless
 *
 * <code>Transliterator</code> objects are stateless; they
 * retain no information between calls to
 * <code>transliterate()</code>. (However, this does not
 * mean that threads may share transliterators without synchronizing
 * them. Transliterators are not immutable, so they must be
 * synchronized when shared between threads.) This might seem to
 * limit the complexity of the transliteration operation. In
 * practice, subclasses perform complex transliterations by delaying
 * the replacement of text until it is known that no other
 * replacements are possible. In other words, although the
 * <code>Transliterator</code> objects are stateless, the source text
 * itself embodies all the needed information, and delayed operation
 * allows arbitrary complexity.
 *
 * Batch transliteration
 *
 * The simplest way to perform transliteration is all at once, on a
 * string of existing text. This is referred to as batch
 * transliteration. For example, given a string <code>input</code>
 * and a transliterator <code>t</code>, the call
 *
 * String result = t.transliterate(input);
 *
 * will transliterate it and return the result. Other methods allow
 * the client to specify a substring to be transliterated and to use
 * {@link Replaceable } objects instead of strings, in order to
 * preserve out-of-band information (such as text styles).
 *
 * Keyboard transliteration
 *
 * Somewhat more involved is keyboard, or incremental
 * transliteration. This is the transliteration of text that is
 * arriving from some source (typically the user's keyboard) one
 * character at a time, or in some other piecemeal fashion.
 *
 * In keyboard transliteration, a <code>Replaceable</code> buffer
 * stores the text. As text is inserted, as much as possible is
 * transliterated on the fly. This means a GUI that displays the
 * contents of the buffer may show text being modified as each new
 * character arrives.
 *
 * Consider the simple rule-based Transliterator:
 * <pre>
 * th>{theta}
 * t>{tau}
 * </pre>
 *
 * When the user types 't', nothing will happen, since the
 * transliterator is waiting to see if the next character is 'h'. To
 * remedy this, we introduce the notion of a cursor, marked by a '|'
 * in the output string:
 * <pre>
 * t>|{tau}
 * {tau}h>{theta}
 * </pre>
 *
 * Now when the user types 't', tau appears, and if the next character
 * is 'h', the tau changes to a theta. This is accomplished by
 * maintaining a cursor position (independent of the insertion point,
 * and invisible in the GUI) across calls to
 * <code>transliterate()</code>. Typically, the cursor will
 * be coincident with the insertion point, but in a case like the one
 * above, it will precede the insertion point.
 *
 * Keyboard transliteration methods maintain a set of three indices
 * that are updated with each call to
 * <code>transliterate()</code>, including the cursor, start,
 * and limit. Since these indices are changed by the method, they are
 * passed in an <code>int[]</code> array. The <code>START</code> index
 * marks the beginning of the substring that the transliterator will
 * look at. It is advanced as text becomes committed (but it is not
 * the committed index; that's the <code>CURSOR</code>). The
 * <code>CURSOR</code> index, described above, marks the point at
 * which the transliterator last stopped, either because it reached
 * the end, or because it required more characters to disambiguate
 * between possible inputs. The <code>CURSOR</code> can also be
 * explicitly set by rules in a rule-based Transliterator.
 * Any characters before the <code>CURSOR</code> index are frozen;
 * future keyboard transliteration calls within this input sequence
 * will not change them. New text is inserted at the
 * <code>LIMIT</code> index, which marks the end of the substring that
 * the transliterator looks at.
 *
 * Because keyboard transliteration assumes that more characters
 * are to arrive, it is conservative in its operation. It only
 * transliterates when it can do so unambiguously. Otherwise it waits
 * for more characters to arrive. When the client code knows that no
 * more characters are forthcoming, perhaps because the user has
 * performed some input termination operation, then it should call
 * <code>finishTransliteration()</code> to complete any
 * pending transliterations.
 *
 * Inverses
 *
 * Pairs of transliterators may be inverses of one another. For
 * example, if transliterator A transliterates characters by
 * incrementing their Unicode value (so "abc" -> "def"), and
 * transliterator B decrements character values, then A
 * is an inverse of B and vice versa. If we compose A
 * with B in a compound transliterator, the result is the
 * identity transliterator, that is, a transliterator that does not
 * change its input text.
 *
 * The <code>Transliterator</code> method <code>getInverse()</code>
 * returns a transliterator's inverse, if one exists, or
 * <code>null</code> otherwise. However, the result of
 * <code>getInverse()</code> usually will not be a true
 * mathematical inverse. This is because true inverse transliterators
 * are difficult to formulate. For example, consider two
 * transliterators: AB, which transliterates the character 'A'
 * to 'B', and BA, which transliterates 'B' to 'A'. It might
 * seem that these are exact inverses, since
 *
 * \htmlonly<blockquote>\endhtmlonly"A" x AB -> "B" 
 * "B" x BA -> "A"\htmlonly</blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 *
 * where 'x' represents transliteration. However,
 *
 * \htmlonly<blockquote>\endhtmlonly"ABCD" x AB -> "BBCD" 
 * "BBCD" x BA -> "AACD"\htmlonly</blockquote>\endhtmlonly
 *
 * so AB composed with BA is not the
 * identity. Nonetheless, BA may be usefully considered to be
 * AB's inverse, and it is on this basis that
 * AB<code>.getInverse()</code> could legitimately return
 * BA.
 *
 * IDs and display names
 *
 * A transliterator is designated by a short identifier string or
 * ID. IDs follow the format source-destination,
 * where source describes the entity being replaced, and
 * destination describes the entity replacing
 * source. The entities may be the names of scripts,
 * particular sequences of characters, or whatever else it is that the
 * transliterator converts to or from. For example, a transliterator
 * from Russian to Latin might be named "Russian-Latin". A
 * transliterator from keyboard escape sequences to Latin-1 characters
 * might be named "KeyboardEscape-Latin1". By convention, system
 * entity names are in English, with the initial letters of words
 * capitalized; user entity names may follow any format so long as
 * they do not contain dashes.
 *
 * In addition to programmatic IDs, transliterator objects have
 * display names for presentation in user interfaces, returned by
 * {@link #getDisplayName }.
 *
 * Factory methods and registration
 *
 * In general, client code should use the factory method
 * {@link #createInstance } to obtain an instance of a
 * transliterator given its ID. Valid IDs may be enumerated using
 * <code>getAvailableIDs()</code>. Since transliterators are mutable,
 * multiple calls to {@link #createInstance } with the same ID will
 * return distinct objects.
 *
 * In addition to the system transliterators registered at startup,
 * user transliterators may be registered by calling
 * <code>registerInstance()</code> at run time. A registered instance
 * acts a template; future calls to {@link #createInstance } with the ID
 * of the registered object return clones of that object. Thus any
 * object passed to <tt>registerInstance()</tt> must implement
 * <tt>clone()</tt> properly. To register a transliterator subclass
 * without instantiating it (until it is needed), users may call
 * {@link #registerFactory }. In this case, the objects are
 * instantiated by invoking the zero-argument public constructor of
 * the class.
 *
 * Subclassing
 *
 * Subclasses must implement the abstract method
 * <code>handleTransliterate()</code>. Subclasses should override
 * the <code>transliterate()</code> method taking a
 * <code>Replaceable</code> and the <code>transliterate()</code>
 * method taking a <code>String</code> and <code>StringBuffer</code>
 * if the performance of these methods can be improved over the
 * performance obtained by the default implementations in this class.
 *
 * Rule syntax
 *
 * A set of rules determines how to perform translations.
 * Rules within a rule set are separated by semicolons (';').
 * To include a literal semicolon, prefix it with a backslash ('\').
 * Unicode Pattern_White_Space is ignored.
 * If the first non-blank character on a line is '#',
 * the entire line is ignored as a comment.
 *
 * Each set of rules consists of two groups, one forward, and one
 * reverse. This is a convention that is not enforced; rules for one
 * direction may be omitted, with the result that translations in
 * that direction will not modify the source text. In addition,
 * bidirectional forward-reverse rules may be specified for
 * symmetrical transformations.
 *
 * Note: Another description of the Transliterator rule syntax is available in
 * <a href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-general.html#Transform_Rules_Syntax">section
 * Transform Rules Syntax of UTS #35: Unicode LDML</a>.
 * The rules are shown there using arrow symbols ← and → and ↔.
 * ICU supports both those and the equivalent ASCII symbols &lt; and &gt; and &lt;&gt;.
 *
 * Rule statements take one of the following forms:
 *
 * <dl>
 * <dt><code>$alefmadda=\\u0622;</code></dt>
 * <dd>Variable definition. The name on the
 * left is assigned the text on the right. In this example,
 * after this statement, instances of the left hand name,
 * &quot;<code>$alefmadda</code>&quot;, will be replaced by
 * the Unicode character U+0622. Variable names must begin
 * with a letter and consist only of letters, digits, and
 * underscores. Case is significant. Duplicate names cause
 * an exception to be thrown, that is, variables cannot be
 * redefined. The right hand side may contain well-formed
 * text of any length, including no text at all (&quot;<code>$empty=;</code>&quot;).
 * The right hand side may contain embedded <code>UnicodeSet</code>
 * patterns, for example, &quot;<code>$softvowel=[eiyEIY]</code>&quot;.</dd>
 * <dt><code>ai&gt;$alefmadda;</code></dt>
 * <dd>Forward translation rule. This rule
 * states that the string on the left will be changed to the
 * string on the right when performing forward
 * transliteration.</dd>
 * <dt><code>ai&lt;$alefmadda;</code></dt>
 * <dd>Reverse translation rule. This rule
 * states that the string on the right will be changed to
 * the string on the left when performing reverse
 * transliteration.</dd>
 * </dl>
 *
 * <dl>
 * <dt><code>ai&lt;&gt;$alefmadda;</code></dt>
 * <dd>Bidirectional translation rule. This
 * rule states that the string on the right will be changed
 * to the string on the left when performing forward
 * transliteration, and vice versa when performing reverse
 * transliteration.</dd>
 * </dl>
 *
 * Translation rules consist of a match pattern and an output
 * string. The match pattern consists of literal characters,
 * optionally preceded by context, and optionally followed by
 * context. Context characters, like literal pattern characters,
 * must be matched in the text being transliterated. However, unlike
 * literal pattern characters, they are not replaced by the output
 * text. For example, the pattern &quot;<code>abc{def}</code>&quot;
 * indicates the characters &quot;<code>def</code>&quot; must be
 * preceded by &quot;<code>abc</code>&quot; for a successful match.
 * If there is a successful match, &quot;<code>def</code>&quot; will
 * be replaced, but not &quot;<code>abc</code>&quot;. The final '<code>}</code>'
 * is optional, so &quot;<code>abc{def</code>&quot; is equivalent to
 * &quot;<code>abc{def}</code>&quot;. Another example is &quot;<code>{123}456</code>&quot;
 * (or &quot;<code>123}456</code>&quot;) in which the literal
 * pattern &quot;<code>123</code>&quot; must be followed by &quot;<code>456</code>&quot;.
 *
 * The output string of a forward or reverse rule consists of
 * characters to replace the literal pattern characters. If the
 * output string contains the character '<code>|</code>', this is
 * taken to indicate the location of the cursor after
 * replacement. The cursor is the point in the text at which the
 * next replacement, if any, will be applied. The cursor is usually
 * placed within the replacement text; however, it can actually be
 * placed into the preceding or following context by using the
 * special character '@'. Examples:
 *
 * <pre>
 * a {foo} z &gt; | @ bar; # foo -&gt; bar, move cursor before a
 * {foo} xyz &gt; bar @@|; #&nbsp;foo -&gt; bar, cursor between y and z
 * </pre>
 *
 * UnicodeSet
 *
 * <code>UnicodeSet</code> patterns may appear anywhere that
 * makes sense. They may appear in variable definitions.
 * Contrariwise, <code>UnicodeSet</code> patterns may themselves
 * contain variable references, such as &quot;<code>$a=[a-z];$not_a=[^$a]</code>&quot;,
 * or &quot;<code>$range=a-z;$ll=[$range]</code>&quot;.
 *
 * <code>UnicodeSet</code> patterns may also be embedded directly
 * into rule strings. Thus, the following two rules are equivalent:
 *
 * <pre>
 * $vowel=[aeiou]; $vowel&gt;'*'; # One way to do this
 * [aeiou]&gt;'*'; # Another way
 * </pre>
 *
 * See {@link UnicodeSet} for more documentation and examples.
 *
 * Segments
 *
 * Segments of the input string can be matched and copied to the
 * output string. This makes certain sets of rules simpler and more
 * general, and makes reordering possible. For example:
 *
 * <pre>
 * ([a-z]) &gt; $1 $1; # double lowercase letters
 * ([:Lu:]) ([:Ll:]) &gt; $2 $1; # reverse order of Lu-Ll pairs
 * </pre>
 *
 * The segment of the input string to be copied is delimited by
 * &quot;<code>(</code>&quot; and &quot;<code>)</code>&quot;. Up to
 * nine segments may be defined. Segments may not overlap. In the
 * output string, &quot;<code>$1</code>&quot; through &quot;<code>$9</code>&quot;
 * represent the input string segments, in left-to-right order of
 * definition.
 *
 * Anchors
 *
 * Patterns can be anchored to the beginning or the end of the text. This is done with the
 * special characters '<code>^</code>' and '<code>$</code>'. For example:
 *
 * <pre>
 * ^ a&nbsp;&nbsp; &gt; 'BEG_A'; &nbsp;&nbsp;# match 'a' at start of text
 * &nbsp; a&nbsp;&nbsp; &gt; 'A'; # match other instances of 'a'
 * &nbsp; z $ &gt; 'END_Z'; &nbsp;&nbsp;# match 'z' at end of text
 * &nbsp; z&nbsp;&nbsp; &gt; 'Z';&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; # match other instances of 'z'
 * </pre>
 *
 * It is also possible to match the beginning or the end of the text using a <code>UnicodeSet</code>.
 * This is done by including a virtual anchor character '<code>$</code>' at the end of the
 * set pattern. Although this is usually the match character for the end anchor, the set will
 * match either the beginning or the end of the text, depending on its placement. For
 * example:
 *
 * <pre>
 * $x = [a-z$]; &nbsp;&nbsp;# match 'a' through 'z' OR anchor
 * $x 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &gt; 2;&nbsp;&nbsp; # match '1' after a-z or at the start
 * &nbsp;&nbsp; 3 $x &gt; 4; &nbsp;&nbsp;# match '3' before a-z or at the end
 * </pre>
 *
 * Example
 *
 * The following example rules illustrate many of the features of
 * the rule language.
 *
 * <table border="0" cellpadding="4">
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">Rule 1.</td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>abc{def}&gt;x|y</code></td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">Rule 2.</td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>xyz&gt;r</code></td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">Rule 3.</td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>yz&gt;q</code></td>
 * </tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * Applying these rules to the string &quot;<code>adefabcdefz</code>&quot;
 * yields the following results:
 *
 * <table border="0" cellpadding="4">
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>|adefabcdefz</code></td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">Initial state, no rules match. Advance
 * cursor.</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>a|defabcdefz</code></td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">Still no match. Rule 1 does not match
 * because the preceding context is not present.</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>ad|efabcdefz</code></td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">Still no match. Keep advancing until
 * there is a match...</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>ade|fabcdefz</code></td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">...</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>adef|abcdefz</code></td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">...</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>adefa|bcdefz</code></td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">...</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>adefab|cdefz</code></td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">...</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>adefabc|defz</code></td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">Rule 1 matches; replace &quot;<code>def</code>&quot;
 * with &quot;<code>xy</code>&quot; and back up the cursor
 * to before the '<code>y</code>'.</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>adefabcx|yz</code></td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">Although &quot;<code>xyz</code>&quot; is
 * present, rule 2 does not match because the cursor is
 * before the '<code>y</code>', not before the '<code>x</code>'.
 * Rule 3 does match. Replace &quot;<code>yz</code>&quot;
 * with &quot;<code>q</code>&quot;.</td>
 * </tr>
 * <tr>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top; write-space: nowrap;"><code>adefabcxq|</code></td>
 * <td style="vertical-align: top;">The cursor is at the end;
 * transliteration is complete.</td>
 * </tr>
 * </table>
 *
 * The order of rules is significant. If multiple rules may match
 * at some point, the first matching rule is applied.
 *
 * Forward and reverse rules may have an empty output string.
 * Otherwise, an empty left or right hand side of any statement is a
 * syntax error.
 *
 * Single quotes are used to quote any character other than a
 * digit or letter. To specify a single quote itself, inside or
 * outside of quotes, use two single quotes in a row. For example,
 * the rule &quot;<code>'&gt;'&gt;o''clock</code>&quot; changes the
 * string &quot;<code>&gt;</code>&quot; to the string &quot;<code>o'clock</code>&quot;.
 *
 * Notes
 *
 * While a Transliterator is being built from rules, it checks that
 * the rules are added in proper order. For example, if the rule
 * &quot;a&gt;x&quot; is followed by the rule &quot;ab&gt;y&quot;,
 * then the second rule will throw an exception. The reason is that
 * the second rule can never be triggered, since the first rule
 * always matches anything it matches. In other words, the first
 * rule masks the second rule.
 *
 * @author Alan Liu
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
class U_I18N_API Transliterator : public UObject {

private:

/**
     * Programmatic name, e.g., "Latin-Arabic".
     */
    UnicodeString ID;

/**
 * This transliterator's filter. Any character for which
 * <tt>filter.contains()</tt> returns <tt>false</tt> will not be
 * altered by this transliterator. If <tt>filter</tt> is
 * <tt>null</tt> then no filtering is applied.
 */
 UnicodeFilter* filter;

int32_t maximumContextLength;

public:

/**
     * A context integer or pointer for a factory function, passed by
     * value.
     * @stable ICU 2.4
     */
    union Token {
        /**
         * This token, interpreted as a 32-bit integer.
         * @stable ICU 2.4
         */
        int32_t integer;
        /**
         * This token, interpreted as a native pointer.
         * @stable ICU 2.4
         */
        void*   pointer;
    };

#ifndef U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API
    /**
     * Return a token containing an integer.
     * @return a token containing an integer.
     * @internal
     */
    inline static Token integerToken(int32_t);

/**
     * Return a token containing a pointer.
     * @return a token containing a pointer.
     * @internal
     */
    inline static Token pointerToken(void*);
#endif  /* U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API */

/**
     * A function that creates and returns a Transliterator.  When
     * invoked, it will be passed the ID string that is being
     * instantiated, together with the context pointer that was passed
     * in when the factory function was first registered.  Many
     * factory functions will ignore both parameters, however,
     * functions that are registered to more than one ID may use the
     * ID or the context parameter to parameterize the transliterator
     * they create.
     * @param ID      the string identifier for this transliterator
     * @param context a context pointer that will be stored and
     *                later passed to the factory function when an ID matching
     *                the registration ID is being instantiated with this factory.
     * @stable ICU 2.4
     */
    typedef Transliterator* (U_EXPORT2 *Factory)(const UnicodeString& ID, Token context);

protected:

/**
 * Default constructor.
 * @param ID the string identifier for this transliterator
 * @param adoptedFilter the filter. Any character for which
 * <tt>filter.contains()</tt> returns <tt>false</tt> will not be
 * altered by this transliterator. If <tt>filter</tt> is
 * <tt>null</tt> then no filtering is applied.
 * @stable ICU 2.4
 */
 Transliterator(const UnicodeString& ID, UnicodeFilter* adoptedFilter);

/**
     * Copy constructor.
     * @stable ICU 2.4
     */
    Transliterator(const Transliterator&);

/**
     * Assignment operator.
     * @stable ICU 2.4
     */
    Transliterator& operator=(const Transliterator&);

/**
     * Create a transliterator from a basic ID.  This is an ID
     * containing only the forward direction source, target, and
     * variant.
     * @param id a basic ID of the form S-T or S-T/V.
     * @param canon canonical ID to assign to the object, or
     * NULL to leave the ID unchanged
     * @return a newly created Transliterator or null if the ID is
     * invalid.
     * @stable ICU 2.4
     */
    static Transliterator* createBasicInstance(const UnicodeString& id,
                                               const UnicodeString* canon);

friend class TransliteratorParser; // for parseID()
    friend class TransliteratorIDParser; // for createBasicInstance()
    friend class TransliteratorAlias; // for setID()

public:

/**
     * Destructor.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    virtual ~Transliterator();

/**
 * Implements Cloneable.
 * All subclasses are encouraged to implement this method if it is
 * possible and reasonable to do so. Subclasses that are to be
 * registered with the system using <tt>registerInstance()</tt>
 * are required to implement this method. If a subclass does not
 * implement clone() properly and is registered with the system
 * using registerInstance(), then the default clone() implementation
 * will return null, and calls to createInstance() will fail.
 *
 * @return a copy of the object.
 * @see #registerInstance
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 virtual Transliterator* clone() const;

/**
 * Transliterates a segment of a string, with optional filtering.
 *
 * @param text the string to be transliterated
 * @param start the beginning index, inclusive; <code>0 <= start
 * <= limit</code>.
 * @param limit the ending index, exclusive; <code>start <= limit
 * <= text.length()</code>.
 * @return The new limit index. The text previously occupying <code>[start,
 * limit)</code> has been transliterated, possibly to a string of a different
 * length, at <code>[start, </code>new-limit<code>)</code>, where
 * new-limit is the return value. If the input offsets are out of bounds,
 * the returned value is -1 and the input string remains unchanged.
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 virtual int32_t transliterate(Replaceable& text,
 int32_t start, int32_t limit) const;

/**
     * Transliterates an entire string in place. Convenience method.
     * @param text the string to be transliterated
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    virtual void transliterate(Replaceable& text) const;

/**
 * Transliterates the portion of the text buffer that can be
 * transliterated unambiguosly after new text has been inserted,
 * typically as a result of a keyboard event. The new text in
 * <code>insertion</code> will be inserted into <code>text</code>
 * at <code>index.limit</code>, advancing
 * <code>index.limit</code> by <code>insertion.length()</code>.
 * Then the transliterator will try to transliterate characters of
 * <code>text</code> between <code>index.cursor</code> and
 * <code>index.limit</code>. Characters before
 * <code>index.cursor</code> will not be changed.
 *
 * Upon return, values in <code>index</code> will be updated.
 * <code>index.start</code> will be advanced to the first
 * character that future calls to this method will read.
 * <code>index.cursor</code> and <code>index.limit</code> will
 * be adjusted to delimit the range of text that future calls to
 * this method may change.
 *
 * Typical usage of this method begins with an initial call
 * with <code>index.start</code> and <code>index.limit</code>
 * set to indicate the portion of <code>text</code> to be
 * transliterated, and <code>index.cursor == index.start</code>.
 * Thereafter, <code>index</code> can be used without
 * modification in future calls, provided that all changes to
 * <code>text</code> are made via this method.
 *
 * This method assumes that future calls may be made that will
 * insert new text into the buffer. As a result, it only performs
 * unambiguous transliterations. After the last call to this
 * method, there may be untransliterated text that is waiting for
 * more input to resolve an ambiguity. In order to perform these
 * pending transliterations, clients should call
 * {@link #finishTransliteration } after the last call to this
 * method has been made.
 *
 * @param text the buffer holding transliterated and untransliterated text
 * @param index an array of three integers.
 *
 * <ul><li><code>index.start</code>: the beginning index,
 * inclusive; <code>0 <= index.start <= index.limit</code>.
 *
 * <li><code>index.limit</code>: the ending index, exclusive;
 * <code>index.start <= index.limit <= text.length()</code>.
 * <code>insertion</code> is inserted at
 * <code>index.limit</code>.
 *
 * <li><code>index.cursor</code>: the next character to be
 * considered for transliteration; <code>index.start <=
 * index.cursor <= index.limit</code>. Characters before
 * <code>index.cursor</code> will not be changed by future calls
 * to this method.</ul>
 *
 * @param insertion text to be inserted and possibly
 * transliterated into the translation buffer at
 * <code>index.limit</code>. If <code>null</code> then no text
 * is inserted.
 * @param status Output param to filled in with a success or an error.
 * @see #handleTransliterate
 * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>index</code>
 * is invalid
 * @see UTransPosition
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 virtual void transliterate(Replaceable& text, UTransPosition& index,
 const UnicodeString& insertion,
 UErrorCode& status) const;

/**
 * Transliterates the portion of the text buffer that can be
 * transliterated unambiguosly after a new character has been
 * inserted, typically as a result of a keyboard event. This is a
 * convenience method.
 * @param text the buffer holding transliterated and
 * untransliterated text
 * @param index an array of three integers.
 * @param insertion text to be inserted and possibly
 * transliterated into the translation buffer at
 * <code>index.limit</code>.
 * @param status Output param to filled in with a success or an error.
 * @see #transliterate(Replaceable&, UTransPosition&, const UnicodeString&, UErrorCode&) const
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 virtual void transliterate(Replaceable& text, UTransPosition& index,
 UChar32 insertion,
 UErrorCode& status) const;

/**
     * Transliterates the portion of the text buffer that can be
     * transliterated unambiguosly.  This is a convenience method; see
     * {@link #transliterate(Replaceable&, UTransPosition&, const UnicodeString&, UErrorCode&) const }
     * for details.
     * @param text the buffer holding transliterated and
     * untransliterated text
     * @param index an array of three integers.
     * @param status    Output param to filled in with a success or an error.
     * @see #transliterate(Replaceable&, UTransPosition&, const UnicodeString&, UErrorCode &) const
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    virtual void transliterate(Replaceable& text, UTransPosition& index,
                               UErrorCode& status) const;

/**
 * Finishes any pending transliterations that were waiting for
 * more characters. Clients should call this method as the last
 * call after a sequence of one or more calls to
 * <code>transliterate()</code>.
 * @param text the buffer holding transliterated and
 * untransliterated text.
 * @param index the array of indices previously passed to {@link #transliterate }
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 virtual void finishTransliteration(Replaceable& text,
 UTransPosition& index) const;

private:

/**
 * This internal method does incremental transliteration. If the
 * 'insertion' is non-null then we append it to 'text' before
 * proceeding. This method calls through to the pure virtual
 * framework method handleTransliterate() to do the actual
 * work.
 * @param text the buffer holding transliterated and
 * untransliterated text
 * @param index an array of three integers. See {@link
 * #transliterate(Replaceable, int[], String)}.
 * @param insertion text to be inserted and possibly
 * transliterated into the translation buffer at
 * <code>index.limit</code>.
 * @param status Output param to filled in with a success or an error.
 */
 void _transliterate(Replaceable& text,
 UTransPosition& index,
 const UnicodeString* insertion,
 UErrorCode &status) const;

protected:

/**
 * Abstract method that concrete subclasses define to implement
 * their transliteration algorithm. This method handles both
 * incremental and non-incremental transliteration. Let
 * <code>originalStart</code> refer to the value of
 * <code>pos.start</code> upon entry.
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>If <code>incremental</code> is false, then this method
 * should transliterate all characters between
 * <code>pos.start</code> and <code>pos.limit</code>. Upon return
 * <code>pos.start</code> must == <code> pos.limit</code>.</li>
 *
 * <li>If <code>incremental</code> is true, then this method
 * should transliterate all characters between
 * <code>pos.start</code> and <code>pos.limit</code> that can be
 * unambiguously transliterated, regardless of future insertions
 * of text at <code>pos.limit</code>. Upon return,
 * <code>pos.start</code> should be in the range
 * [<code>originalStart</code>, <code>pos.limit</code>).
 * <code>pos.start</code> should be positioned such that
 * characters [<code>originalStart</code>, <code>
 * pos.start</code>) will not be changed in the future by this
 * transliterator and characters [<code>pos.start</code>,
 * <code>pos.limit</code>) are unchanged.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * Implementations of this method should also obey the
 * following invariants:
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li> <code>pos.limit</code> and <code>pos.contextLimit</code>
 * should be updated to reflect changes in length of the text
 * between <code>pos.start</code> and <code>pos.limit</code>. The
 * difference <code> pos.contextLimit - pos.limit</code> should
 * not change.</li>
 *
 * <li><code>pos.contextStart</code> should not change.</li>
 *
 * <li>Upon return, neither <code>pos.start</code> nor
 * <code>pos.limit</code> should be less than
 * <code>originalStart</code>.</li>
 *
 * <li>Text before <code>originalStart</code> and text after
 * <code>pos.limit</code> should not change.</li>
 *
 * <li>Text before <code>pos.contextStart</code> and text after
 * <code> pos.contextLimit</code> should be ignored.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * Subclasses may safely assume that all characters in
 * [<code>pos.start</code>, <code>pos.limit</code>) are filtered.
 * In other words, the filter has already been applied by the time
 * this method is called. See
 * <code>filteredTransliterate()</code>.
 *
 * This method is not for public consumption. Calling
 * this method directly will transliterate
 * [<code>pos.start</code>, <code>pos.limit</code>) without
 * applying the filter. End user code should call <code>
 * transliterate()</code> instead of this method. Subclass code
 * and wrapping transliterators should call
 * <code>filteredTransliterate()</code> instead of this method.
 *
 * @param text the buffer holding transliterated and
 * untransliterated text
 *
 * @param pos the indices indicating the start, limit, context
 * start, and context limit of the text.
 *
 * @param incremental if true, assume more text may be inserted at
 * <code>pos.limit</code> and act accordingly. Otherwise,
 * transliterate all text between <code>pos.start</code> and
 * <code>pos.limit</code> and move <code>pos.start</code> up to
 * <code>pos.limit</code>.
 *
 * @see #transliterate
 * @stable ICU 2.4
 */
 virtual void handleTransliterate(Replaceable& text,
 UTransPosition& pos,
 UBool incremental) const = 0;

public:
    /**
     * Transliterate a substring of text, as specified by index, taking filters
     * into account.  This method is for subclasses that need to delegate to
     * another transliterator.
     * @param text the text to be transliterated
     * @param index the position indices
     * @param incremental if true, then assume more characters may be inserted
     * at index.limit, and postpone processing to accommodate future incoming
     * characters
     * @stable ICU 2.4
     */
    virtual void filteredTransliterate(Replaceable& text,
                                       UTransPosition& index,
                                       UBool incremental) const;

private:

/**
 * Top-level transliteration method, handling filtering, incremental and
 * non-incremental transliteration, and rollback. All transliteration
 * public API methods eventually call this method with a rollback argument
 * of true. Other entities may call this method but rollback should be
 * false.
 *
 * If this transliterator has a filter, break up the input text into runs
 * of unfiltered characters. Pass each run to
 * subclass.handleTransliterate().
 *
 * In incremental mode, if rollback is true, perform a special
 * incremental procedure in which several passes are made over the input
 * text, adding one character at a time, and committing successful
 * transliterations as they occur. Unsuccessful transliterations are rolled
 * back and retried with additional characters to give correct results.
 *
 * @param text the text to be transliterated
 * @param index the position indices
 * @param incremental if true, then assume more characters may be inserted
 * at index.limit, and postpone processing to accommodate future incoming
 * characters
 * @param rollback if true and if incremental is true, then perform special
 * incremental processing, as described above, and undo partial
 * transliterations where necessary. If incremental is false then this
 * parameter is ignored.
 */
 virtual void filteredTransliterate(Replaceable& text,
 UTransPosition& index,
 UBool incremental,
 UBool rollback) const;

public:

/**
 * Returns the length of the longest context required by this transliterator.
 * This is preceding context. The default implementation supplied
 * by <code>Transliterator</code> returns zero; subclasses
 * that use preceding context should override this method to return the
 * correct value. For example, if a transliterator translates "ddd" (where
 * d is any digit) to "555" when preceded by "(ddd)", then the preceding
 * context length is 5, the length of "(ddd)".
 *
 * @return The maximum number of preceding context characters this
 * transliterator needs to examine
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 int32_t getMaximumContextLength(void) const;

protected:

/**
     * Method for subclasses to use to set the maximum context length.
     * @param maxContextLength the new value to be set.
     * @see #getMaximumContextLength
     * @stable ICU 2.4
     */
    void setMaximumContextLength(int32_t maxContextLength);

public:

/**
 * Returns a programmatic identifier for this transliterator.
 * If this identifier is passed to <code>createInstance()</code>, it
 * will return this object, if it has been registered.
 * @return a programmatic identifier for this transliterator.
 * @see #registerInstance
 * @see #registerFactory
 * @see #getAvailableIDs
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 virtual const UnicodeString& getID(void) const;

/**
     * Returns a name for this transliterator that is appropriate for
     * display to the user in the default locale.  See {@link #getDisplayName }
     * for details.
     * @param ID     the string identifier for this transliterator
     * @param result Output param to receive the display name
     * @return       A reference to 'result'.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static UnicodeString& U_EXPORT2 getDisplayName(const UnicodeString& ID,
                                         UnicodeString& result);

/**
 * Returns a name for this transliterator that is appropriate for
 * display to the user in the given locale. This name is taken
 * from the locale resource data in the standard manner of the
 * <code>java.text</code> package.
 *
 * If no localized names exist in the system resource bundles,
 * a name is synthesized using a localized
 * <code>MessageFormat</code> pattern from the resource data. The
 * arguments to this pattern are an integer followed by one or two
 * strings. The integer is the number of strings, either 1 or 2.
 * The strings are formed by splitting the ID for this
 * transliterator at the first '-'. If there is no '-', then the
 * entire ID forms the only string.
 * @param ID the string identifier for this transliterator
 * @param inLocale the Locale in which the display name should be
 * localized.
 * @param result Output param to receive the display name
 * @return A reference to 'result'.
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 static UnicodeString& U_EXPORT2 getDisplayName(const UnicodeString& ID,
 const Locale& inLocale,
 UnicodeString& result);

/**
 * Returns the filter used by this transliterator, or <tt>NULL</tt>
 * if this transliterator uses no filter.
 * @return the filter used by this transliterator, or <tt>NULL</tt>
 * if this transliterator uses no filter.
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 const UnicodeFilter* getFilter(void) const;

/**
 * Returns the filter used by this transliterator, or <tt>NULL</tt> if this
 * transliterator uses no filter. The caller must eventually delete the
 * result. After this call, this transliterator's filter is set to
 * <tt>NULL</tt>.
 * @return the filter used by this transliterator, or <tt>NULL</tt> if this
 * transliterator uses no filter.
 * @stable ICU 2.4
 */
 UnicodeFilter* orphanFilter(void);

/**
 * Changes the filter used by this transliterator. If the filter
 * is set to <tt>null</tt> then no filtering will occur.
 *
 * Callers must take care if a transliterator is in use by
 * multiple threads. The filter should not be changed by one
 * thread while another thread may be transliterating.
 * @param adoptedFilter the new filter to be adopted.
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 void adoptFilter(UnicodeFilter* adoptedFilter);

/**
 * Returns this transliterator's inverse. See the class
 * documentation for details. This implementation simply inverts
 * the two entities in the ID and attempts to retrieve the
 * resulting transliterator. That is, if <code>getID()</code>
 * returns "A-B", then this method will return the result of
 * <code>createInstance("B-A")</code>, or <code>null</code> if that
 * call fails.
 *
 * Subclasses with knowledge of their inverse may wish to
 * override this method.
 *
 * @param status Output param to filled in with a success or an error.
 * @return a transliterator that is an inverse, not necessarily
 * exact, of this transliterator, or <code>null</code> if no such
 * transliterator is registered.
 * @see #registerInstance
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 Transliterator* createInverse(UErrorCode& status) const;

/**
 * Returns a <code>Transliterator</code> object given its ID.
 * The ID must be either a system transliterator ID or a ID registered
 * using <code>registerInstance()</code>.
 *
 * @param ID a valid ID, as enumerated by <code>getAvailableIDs()</code>
 * @param dir either FORWARD or REVERSE.
 * @param parseError Struct to receive information on position
 * of error if an error is encountered
 * @param status Output param to filled in with a success or an error.
 * @return A <code>Transliterator</code> object with the given ID
 * @see #registerInstance
 * @see #getAvailableIDs
 * @see #getID
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 static Transliterator* U_EXPORT2 createInstance(const UnicodeString& ID,
 UTransDirection dir,
 UParseError& parseError,
 UErrorCode& status);

/**
 * Returns a <code>Transliterator</code> object given its ID.
 * The ID must be either a system transliterator ID or a ID registered
 * using <code>registerInstance()</code>.
 * @param ID a valid ID, as enumerated by <code>getAvailableIDs()</code>
 * @param dir either FORWARD or REVERSE.
 * @param status Output param to filled in with a success or an error.
 * @return A <code>Transliterator</code> object with the given ID
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 static Transliterator* U_EXPORT2 createInstance(const UnicodeString& ID,
 UTransDirection dir,
 UErrorCode& status);

/**
 * Returns a <code>Transliterator</code> object constructed from
 * the given rule string. This will be a rule-based Transliterator,
 * if the rule string contains only rules, or a
 * compound Transliterator, if it contains ID blocks, or a
 * null Transliterator, if it contains ID blocks which parse as
 * empty for the given direction.
 *
 * @param ID the id for the transliterator.
 * @param rules rules, separated by ';'
 * @param dir either FORWARD or REVERSE.
 * @param parseError Struct to receive information on position
 * of error if an error is encountered
 * @param status Output param set to success/failure code.
 * @return a newly created Transliterator
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 static Transliterator* U_EXPORT2 createFromRules(const UnicodeString& ID,
 const UnicodeString& rules,
 UTransDirection dir,
 UParseError& parseError,
 UErrorCode& status);

/**
     * Create a rule string that can be passed to createFromRules()
     * to recreate this transliterator.
     * @param result the string to receive the rules.  Previous
     * contents will be deleted.
     * @param escapeUnprintable if true then convert unprintable
     * character to their hex escape representations, \\uxxxx or
     * \\Uxxxxxxxx.  Unprintable characters are those other than
     * U+000A, U+0020..U+007E.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    virtual UnicodeString& toRules(UnicodeString& result,
                                   UBool escapeUnprintable) const;

/**
 * Return the number of elements that make up this transliterator.
 * For example, if the transliterator "NFD;Jamo-Latin;Latin-Greek"
 * were created, the return value of this method would be 3.
 *
 * If this transliterator is not composed of other
 * transliterators, then this method returns 1.
 * @return the number of transliterators that compose this
 * transliterator, or 1 if this transliterator is not composed of
 * multiple transliterators
 * @stable ICU 3.0
 */
 int32_t countElements() const;

/**
 * Return an element that makes up this transliterator. For
 * example, if the transliterator "NFD;Jamo-Latin;Latin-Greek"
 * were created, the return value of this method would be one
 * of the three transliterator objects that make up that
 * transliterator: [NFD, Jamo-Latin, Latin-Greek].
 *
 * If this transliterator is not composed of other
 * transliterators, then this method will return a reference to
 * this transliterator when given the index 0.
 * @param index a value from 0..countElements()-1 indicating the
 * transliterator to return
 * @param ec input-output error code
 * @return one of the transliterators that makes up this
 * transliterator, if this transliterator is made up of multiple
 * transliterators, otherwise a reference to this object if given
 * an index of 0
 * @stable ICU 3.0
 */
 const Transliterator& getElement(int32_t index, UErrorCode& ec) const;

/**
     * Returns the set of all characters that may be modified in the
     * input text by this Transliterator.  This incorporates this
     * object's current filter; if the filter is changed, the return
     * value of this function will change.  The default implementation
     * returns an empty set.  Some subclasses may override
     * {@link #handleGetSourceSet } to return a more precise result. The
     * return result is approximate in any case and is intended for
     * use by tests, tools, or utilities.
     * @param result receives result set; previous contents lost
     * @return a reference to result
     * @see #getTargetSet
     * @see #handleGetSourceSet
     * @stable ICU 2.4
     */
    UnicodeSet& getSourceSet(UnicodeSet& result) const;

/**
     * Framework method that returns the set of all characters that
     * may be modified in the input text by this Transliterator,
     * ignoring the effect of this object's filter.  The base class
     * implementation returns the empty set.  Subclasses that wish to
     * implement this should override this method.
     * @return the set of characters that this transliterator may
     * modify.  The set may be modified, so subclasses should return a
     * newly-created object.
     * @param result receives result set; previous contents lost
     * @see #getSourceSet
     * @see #getTargetSet
     * @stable ICU 2.4
     */
    virtual void handleGetSourceSet(UnicodeSet& result) const;

/**
     * Returns the set of all characters that may be generated as
     * replacement text by this transliterator.  The default
     * implementation returns the empty set.  Some subclasses may
     * override this method to return a more precise result.  The
     * return result is approximate in any case and is intended for
     * use by tests, tools, or utilities requiring such
     * meta-information.
     * @param result receives result set; previous contents lost
     * @return a reference to result
     * @see #getTargetSet
     * @stable ICU 2.4
     */
    virtual UnicodeSet& getTargetSet(UnicodeSet& result) const;

public:

/**
     * Registers a factory function that creates transliterators of
     * a given ID.
     *
     * Because ICU may choose to cache Transliterators internally, this must
     * be called at application startup, prior to any calls to
     * Transliterator::createXXX to avoid undefined behavior.
     *
     * @param id the ID being registered
     * @param factory a function pointer that will be copied and
     * called later when the given ID is passed to createInstance()
     * @param context a context pointer that will be stored and
     * later passed to the factory function when an ID matching
     * the registration ID is being instantiated with this factory.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static void U_EXPORT2 registerFactory(const UnicodeString& id,
                                Factory factory,
                                Token context);

/**
 * Registers an instance <tt>obj</tt> of a subclass of
 * <code>Transliterator</code> with the system. When
 * <tt>createInstance()</tt> is called with an ID string that is
 * equal to <tt>obj->getID()</tt>, then <tt>obj->clone()</tt> is
 * returned.
 *
 * After this call the Transliterator class owns the adoptedObj
 * and will delete it.
 *
 * Because ICU may choose to cache Transliterators internally, this must
 * be called at application startup, prior to any calls to
 * Transliterator::createXXX to avoid undefined behavior.
 *
 * @param adoptedObj an instance of subclass of
 * <code>Transliterator</code> that defines <tt>clone()</tt>
 * @see #createInstance
 * @see #registerFactory
 * @see #unregister
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 static void U_EXPORT2 registerInstance(Transliterator* adoptedObj);

/**
 * Registers an ID string as an alias of another ID string.
 * That is, after calling this function, <tt>createInstance(aliasID)</tt>
 * will return the same thing as <tt>createInstance(realID)</tt>.
 * This is generally used to create shorter, more mnemonic aliases
 * for long compound IDs.
 *
 * @param aliasID The new ID being registered.
 * @param realID The ID that the new ID is to be an alias for.
 * This can be a compound ID and can include filters and should
 * refer to transliterators that have already been registered with
 * the framework, although this isn't checked.
 * @stable ICU 3.6
 */
 static void U_EXPORT2 registerAlias(const UnicodeString& aliasID,
 const UnicodeString& realID);

protected:

#ifndef U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API
    /**
     * @param id the ID being registered
     * @param factory a function pointer that will be copied and
     * called later when the given ID is passed to createInstance()
     * @param context a context pointer that will be stored and
     * later passed to the factory function when an ID matching
     * the registration ID is being instantiated with this factory.
     * @internal
     */
    static void _registerFactory(const UnicodeString& id,
                                 Factory factory,
                                 Token context);

/**
     * @internal
     */
    static void _registerInstance(Transliterator* adoptedObj);

/**
     * @internal
     */
    static void _registerAlias(const UnicodeString& aliasID, const UnicodeString& realID);

/**
 * Register two targets as being inverses of one another. For
 * example, calling registerSpecialInverse("NFC", "NFD", true) causes
 * Transliterator to form the following inverse relationships:
 *
 * <pre>NFC => NFD
 * Any-NFC => Any-NFD
 * NFD => NFC
 * Any-NFD => Any-NFC</pre>
 *
 * (Without the special inverse registration, the inverse of NFC
 * would be NFC-Any.) Note that NFD is shorthand for Any-NFD, but
 * that the presence or absence of "Any-" is preserved.
 *
 * The relationship is symmetrical; registering (a, b) is
 * equivalent to registering (b, a).
 *
 * The relevant IDs must still be registered separately as
 * factories or classes.
 *
 * Only the targets are specified. Special inverses always
 * have the form Any-Target1 <=> Any-Target2. The target should
 * have canonical casing (the casing desired to be produced when
 * an inverse is formed) and should contain no whitespace or other
 * extraneous characters.
 *
 * @param target the target against which to register the inverse
 * @param inverseTarget the inverse of target, that is
 * Any-target.getInverse() => Any-inverseTarget
 * @param bidirectional if true, register the reverse relation
 * as well, that is, Any-inverseTarget.getInverse() => Any-target
 * @internal
 */
 static void _registerSpecialInverse(const UnicodeString& target,
 const UnicodeString& inverseTarget,
 UBool bidirectional);
#endif /* U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API */

public:

/**
 * Unregisters a transliterator or class. This may be either
 * a system transliterator or a user transliterator or class.
 * Any attempt to construct an unregistered transliterator based
 * on its ID will fail.
 *
 * Because ICU may choose to cache Transliterators internally, this should
 * be called during application shutdown, after all calls to
 * Transliterator::createXXX to avoid undefined behavior.
 *
 * @param ID the ID of the transliterator or class
 * @return the <code>Object</code> that was registered with
 * <code>ID</code>, or <code>null</code> if none was
 * @see #registerInstance
 * @see #registerFactory
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 static void U_EXPORT2 unregister(const UnicodeString& ID);

public:

/**
     * Return a StringEnumeration over the IDs available at the time of the
     * call, including user-registered IDs.
     * @param ec input-output error code
     * @return a newly-created StringEnumeration over the transliterators
     * available at the time of the call. The caller should delete this object
     * when done using it.
     * @stable ICU 3.0
     */
    static StringEnumeration* U_EXPORT2 getAvailableIDs(UErrorCode& ec);

/**
     * Return the number of registered source specifiers.
     * @return the number of registered source specifiers.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static int32_t U_EXPORT2 countAvailableSources(void);

/**
     * Return a registered source specifier.
     * @param index which specifier to return, from 0 to n-1, where
     * n = countAvailableSources()
     * @param result fill-in parameter to receive the source specifier.
     * If index is out of range, result will be empty.
     * @return reference to result
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static UnicodeString& U_EXPORT2 getAvailableSource(int32_t index,
                                             UnicodeString& result);

/**
     * Return the number of registered target specifiers for a given
     * source specifier.
     * @param source the given source specifier.
     * @return the number of registered target specifiers for a given
     *         source specifier.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static int32_t U_EXPORT2 countAvailableTargets(const UnicodeString& source);

/**
     * Return a registered target specifier for a given source.
     * @param index which specifier to return, from 0 to n-1, where
     * n = countAvailableTargets(source)
     * @param source the source specifier
     * @param result fill-in parameter to receive the target specifier.
     * If source is invalid or if index is out of range, result will
     * be empty.
     * @return reference to result
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static UnicodeString& U_EXPORT2 getAvailableTarget(int32_t index,
                                             const UnicodeString& source,
                                             UnicodeString& result);

/**
     * Return the number of registered variant specifiers for a given
     * source-target pair.
     * @param source    the source specifiers.
     * @param target    the target specifiers.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static int32_t U_EXPORT2 countAvailableVariants(const UnicodeString& source,
                                          const UnicodeString& target);

/**
     * Return a registered variant specifier for a given source-target
     * pair.
     * @param index which specifier to return, from 0 to n-1, where
     * n = countAvailableVariants(source, target)
     * @param source the source specifier
     * @param target the target specifier
     * @param result fill-in parameter to receive the variant
     * specifier.  If source is invalid or if target is invalid or if
     * index is out of range, result will be empty.
     * @return reference to result
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static UnicodeString& U_EXPORT2 getAvailableVariant(int32_t index,
                                              const UnicodeString& source,
                                              const UnicodeString& target,
                                              UnicodeString& result);

protected:

#ifndef U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API
    /**
     * Non-mutexed internal method
     * @internal
     */
    static int32_t _countAvailableSources(void);

/**
     * Non-mutexed internal method
     * @internal
     */
    static UnicodeString& _getAvailableSource(int32_t index,
                                              UnicodeString& result);

/**
     * Non-mutexed internal method
     * @internal
     */
    static int32_t _countAvailableTargets(const UnicodeString& source);

/**
     * Non-mutexed internal method
     * @internal
     */
    static UnicodeString& _getAvailableTarget(int32_t index,
                                              const UnicodeString& source,
                                              UnicodeString& result);

/**
     * Non-mutexed internal method
     * @internal
     */
    static int32_t _countAvailableVariants(const UnicodeString& source,
                                           const UnicodeString& target);

/**
     * Non-mutexed internal method
     * @internal
     */
    static UnicodeString& _getAvailableVariant(int32_t index,
                                               const UnicodeString& source,
                                               const UnicodeString& target,
                                               UnicodeString& result);
#endif  /* U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API */

protected:

/**
     * Set the ID of this transliterators.  Subclasses shouldn't do
     * this, unless the underlying script behavior has changed.
     * @param id the new id t to be set.
     * @stable ICU 2.4
     */
    void setID(const UnicodeString& id);

public:

/**
     * Return the class ID for this class.  This is useful only for
     * comparing to a return value from getDynamicClassID().
     * Note that Transliterator is an abstract base class, and therefor
     * no fully constructed object will  have a dynamic
     * UCLassID that equals the UClassID returned from
     * TRansliterator::getStaticClassID().
     * @return       The class ID for class Transliterator.
     * @stable ICU 2.0
     */
    static UClassID U_EXPORT2 getStaticClassID(void);

/**
 * Returns a unique class ID polymorphically. This method
 * is to implement a simple version of RTTI, since not all C++
 * compilers support genuine RTTI. Polymorphic operator==() and
 * clone() methods call this method.
 *
 * Concrete subclasses of Transliterator must use the
 * UOBJECT_DEFINE_RTTI_IMPLEMENTATION macro from
 * uobject.h to provide the RTTI functions.
 *
 * @return The class ID for this object. All objects of a given
 * class have the same class ID. Objects of other classes have
 * different class IDs.
 * @stable ICU 2.0
 */
 virtual UClassID getDynamicClassID(void) const override = 0;

private:
    static UBool initializeRegistry(UErrorCode &status);

public:
#ifndef U_HIDE_OBSOLETE_API
    /**
     * Return the number of IDs currently registered with the system.
     * To retrieve the actual IDs, call getAvailableID(i) with
     * i from 0 to countAvailableIDs() - 1.
     * @return the number of IDs currently registered with the system.
     * @obsolete ICU 3.4 use getAvailableIDs() instead
     */
    static int32_t U_EXPORT2 countAvailableIDs(void);

/**
     * Return the index-th available ID.  index must be between 0
     * and countAvailableIDs() - 1, inclusive.  If index is out of
     * range, the result of getAvailableID(0) is returned.
     * @param index the given ID index.
     * @return      the index-th available ID.  index must be between 0
     *              and countAvailableIDs() - 1, inclusive.  If index is out of
     *              range, the result of getAvailableID(0) is returned.
     * @obsolete ICU 3.4 use getAvailableIDs() instead; this function
     * is not thread safe, since it returns a reference to storage that
     * may become invalid if another thread calls unregister
     */
    static const UnicodeString& U_EXPORT2 getAvailableID(int32_t index);
#endif  /* U_HIDE_OBSOLETE_API */
};

inline int32_t Transliterator::getMaximumContextLength(void) const {
    return maximumContextLength;
}

inline void Transliterator::setID(const UnicodeString& id) {
    ID = id;
    // NUL-terminate the ID string, which is a non-aliased copy.
    ID.append((char16_t)0);
    ID.truncate(ID.length()-1);
}

#ifndef U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API
inline Transliterator::Token Transliterator::integerToken(int32_t i) {
    Token t;
    t.integer = i;
    return t;
}

inline Transliterator::Token Transliterator::pointerToken(void* p) {
    Token t;
    t.pointer = p;
    return t;
}
#endif  /* U_HIDE_INTERNAL_API */

U_NAMESPACE_END

#endif /* #if !UCONFIG_NO_TRANSLITERATION */

#endif /* U_SHOW_CPLUSPLUS_API */

#endif

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